California , 1972 , a Dacota W ales viene data la Essays

California , 1972 , a Dacota W ales viene data la triste notizia dal padre , (non avendo madre ) di avere problemi economici lei e quindi costretta a trasferirsi in montagna , in un a casa a basso prezzo vicino ad un lago. Lei infelice perche aveva perso tutto e non avendo amici , gironzolava vicino al lago , quando improvvisamente sull' altra sponda intravide una strana ombra . Lei molto curiosa volle andare a vedere oltre il lago , ma non si poteva attraversare , cosi un giorno in pieno inverno taglio un tronco e vi ci costrui una piccola zattera . arrivando all' altra sponda del lago rivide l' ombra , ma dopo ore la continuava a rivedere ma era come se non arrivasse mai , quando ad un certo punto se la ritrovo davanti agli occhi : era una ragazza che aveva uno squarcio sulla gola , con tutto il sangue ancora gocciolante che mormoro : " yawa og ", poi scomparve nel nulla. Dacota spaventata corse alla zattera , ma si accorse che le acque avevano qualcosa di davvero molto strano , c'era qualcosa che galleggiava , prima non c' era , ad un tratto l'acqua divento rossa e qualcosa non si sa che cosa tiro dentro Dacota Parigi, 1976 , la famiglia francese carre compra una casa in montagna vicino ad un lago. Raquelle C arre , l unica figlia dei carre , e curiosa di vedere all' interno del lago, ( la famiglia ha sempre fatto escursioni suba q ue ) con il suo kit speciale . La ragazza , senza aspettare un altro secondo si butta nel lago con bombole e quant' altro . Dopo qualche secondo dall' acqua emersero tante bolle d'aria che formavano la scritta : " og yawa " . Dopo giorni , giorni e giorni , niente piu riemerse dall' acqu a . Mosca ,1982 , Tara Wet cerca una casa in montagna per andare a sciare per lei ed il suo fidanzato , (erano diciottenni ) . Trovano una casetta a basso prezzo con un lago accanto. La prima cosa intelligente che fa il suo ragazzo e cercare di spingerla nel lago , lei non cadde ma si slogo una caviglia. Vicino alla casa c' era un capanno dove mettere gli sci . Mettendo in ordine la nuova casa , Tara trovo un pezzo di carta sugli sci , era un biglietto con su scritto : "go away " pensando che fosse uno dei soliti scherzi del suo ragazzo butto il biglietto , prese gli sci e si diresse verso il capanno. All' improvviso scivolo in una pozzanghera e cadde per terra . La ragazza non riusciva ad alzarsi e cosi incomincio ad urlare al suo ragazzo , ma prima che prendesse fiato , una mano spunto dal lago e le prese la caviglia , non potendo dimenarsi a causa della caviglia slogata la mano riusci a tirarla dentro il lago , quest' ultimo non diede piu segni di vita . Luilussiana 19 89 , Chamier Diss ee faceva una passeggiata tra le montagne, quando vide un vecchio pezzo di giornale per terra, lo raccolse e lesse : " Scandalo a Luilussiana , nell' ulti mo decennio 4 omicidi , tutti nello stesso appartamento sulla montagna est. Chamier , molto curiosa si diresse verso la montagna est . Arrivata li le risaltarono subito agli occhi 3 cose galleggian ti nel lago vicino alla casa . Pr ese una canoa gia scavata li vicino ed ando a vedere , cosa erano quei corpi galleggianti . Guardo e giro il primo , era verde , e si capiva a mala pena quello che era ,cioe una persona ! La tanto ricercata Dacota Wales ,poi la signorina Raquelle Carre , e persino Tara We t la diciottenne scomparsa nell 82 , ma ce n' era anche un altro , era una ragazza con uno squarcio sulla gola , ad un certo punto e stato come s e si fosse mossa , di scatto tutti i corpi e come se fossero venuti risucchiati dalle acque . Tutto d' un tratto la ragazza si mosse e Chamier di scatto incomincio a remare verso

Am I The One Professor Ramos Blog

Am I The One In the book â€Å"The Woman Hollering Creek: And Other Short Stories†, there is a short story called â€Å"There Was a Man, There Was a Woman†, and in that very complicated story there can be very many outcomes to it depending how you look at it. To me this story ended in way of both the man and women having no purpose in their lives.The man in the story would get paid every second and fourth Friday of the month, but the woman would get paid the first and third Friday of the month. Therefore every friday they got paid they would go to the bar and drink thinking that the alcohol would boost their confidence to go up to a special someone to spark a conversation. Even with the alcohol both the man and woman would do nothing every friday. The end of the story leaves it with a cliffhanger because the readers dont know if they are going to be each other purpose? Will they even meet? In the mans life he has his group of friends that he goes to the bar, but he has that friend that he can talk to about anything. So the next time they meet at the bar the friend asks the man a very open question, â€Å"Why do you drink so much?†the man answers with â€Å"because Im hoping that the alcohol will bring me that confidence I need†. In the friends head he thinks to himself, â€Å"We’ve been doing the same routine for a year now and he still hasn’t spoken to a female†, but he continues to keep it to himself. Looking at the womans life she doesn’t have that one friend she can vent to so every night so she prays in hope to find that one purpose that she has been on the search for awhile now. Every night she starts her prayer off with a â€Å"Hey its me again† and continues it with her thanking God of what she has and after she asks him to â€Å"show her the way to happiness†. She knows that one of these days she needs to stop drinking and find herself. So the next day she gets a call saying that the checks are coming in late so she was getting paid the second Friday of the month, her taking that as a sign she tells herself that that friday was going to be the last time she was going to the bar. The mans friend finally builds the courage to tell him that him continuing this routine was not helping him in anyway and that he should find a new hobby. The friend and the man get into a huge argument about his current situation in always drinking and letting time pass him by. Both the friend and man start talking about why they are even fighting in the first place and they talk about the past in which they both met in high school and they would never fight because they knew they only had each other in those lonely times in a very mean world called high school. That one math class sophomore year, the teacher paired the man up with the friend for their performance task for the month and both the man and the friend did not know one another but still continued to do their best in completing their work. The man was always lazy and left most of the work for the friend, but just like in present time the friend built up his confidence and told the man that â€Å"I ain’t going to d o all this work for you, so if you want to continue your lazy ways have fun failing the class†, the man took a real look at himself and realized that just like in the past the friend was right and now it is happening again. So the friend and man come to the conclusion of this Friday was going to be the last time going to the bar. Its the womans last week for work before she can go to the bar one last time and she is really excited about it because deep within herself she feels like this is going to be the day she builds her confidence to speak to that one special guy. Its the mans last week of work before he can go to the bar one last time and he feels sad about it because he has to give up the one thing he really enjoyed doing, but knows its for the best. The man and friend would hangout after work everyday of the week and spit jokes, talk about work, also on what they were going to wear for the bar because not only is it going to be their last time going to the bar, but the bar was throwing their 50th anniversary so they were doing these crazy deals on alcohol. Since the bar was doing this they knew they were going to be seeing some new faces. The woman after work would go straight home and think about how much work sucked and how much fun she was going to have at the bar not knowing they were throwing thei r 50th anniversary for the bar. The second Friday of the month has arrived, the woman took about 2 hours to get ready. When she finished getting ready she looks in the mirror and says â€Å"Today is the day†, she has a huge smile on her face and is ready to go. The man took about 10 minutes to get ready. His hair slicked back with a white T under his flannel flexing his chain, he knows he is ready. The friend picks up the man and in a hurry they make it to the bar. The woman calls an uber and gets to the bar pretty late. When the man and the friend arrived they quickly go to the bar and order their cheap alcohol. When the woman arrived she quickly went looking for the man that would catch her eye. Finally the man and friend decided to go on the dance floor because they were both buzzed and did not care on how they looked they just wanted to have fun. Finally the woman stopped the search and came to the conclusion in dancing the night away. The man and friend both are dancing funny and the man bumps into the woman and they both stared into each others eyes as if they were staring into the moon those lonely nights. The man leaves the friend and talks to woman on how beautiful she looked and the woman talks about how handsome he looked. The man thinking to himself that this situation doesnt feel right to him and maybe she wasnt the one. She believes that he is the one and she continues to flirt with the man and the friend looking at them in disgust. The man comes to the conclusion in his head and tells the woman how he feels. The man says to her â€Å" I know we just met, I feel like we have known each other our whole lives, but im sorry to tell you this, but Im in love with my best friend.†

The writing life of Kate Chopin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The writing life of Kate Chopin - Research Paper Example Kate lost two very important male figures at an early age. Victoire Verdon Charleville, her great grandmother separated from her husband, Joseph Charleville while her father died in a railroad accident during the inauguration journey of the Pacific Railroad over the Gasconade Bridge in November 1, 1855 (Toth, 9). Kate’s father was one of the founders of the Pacific Railroad and was a self-made man. Her mother was only 27 years old when Thomas O’Flaherty died at age 50 and never remarried after Mr. Flaherty’s death. Madame Charleville taught Kate about music, history, speaking French, and the need to live life clearly and fearlessly (Toth, 13). Kate O’Flaherty enrolled in the Academy of the Sacred Heart in 1855 which she attended sporadically for thirteen years with her friend Kitty Garesche. Kate also enrolled in the Academy of the Visitation in 1865. In 1868, Kate graduated from the Academy of the Sacred Heart and visited New Orleans in April 1869 (Seyers ted, 23). Kate got married with Oscar Chopin on June 9, 1870 in Holy Angels Church St. Louis and spent their honeymoon in Europe from June-September 1870 (Green, 5). The couple settled in 443 Magazine St; Northeast Corner Pete and Constantinople New Orleans (now 1413 Louisiana Avenue). Kate gave birth to six children (5 boys and 1 girl) (Green, 2). Their names are Jean Baptiste, Oscar Charles, George Francis, Frederick, Felix Andrew, and Leila/Marie Laiza. In December 10, 1882, Oscar Chopin died from complications of swamp fever. Kate, together with her children, returned to St. Louis with her children mid-1884. Their family lived at 1125 St. Ange Avenue then at 1122. In 1888, Kate began to write seriously after the death of her mother Eliza O’Flaherty. Kate was emotionally burnt of all her losses that she found comfort in writing through the suggestions of Frederick Kolbenheyer, a physician (Walker, 51). Kate has been popular until the extreme criticism of her novel â€Å"T he Awakening†. Poor health and concerns regarding family put her down. She was a member of the St. Louis Children of Solidarity and Wednesday Club. Members of the Wednesday Club praised her novel â€Å"The Awakening†. She was attending St. Louis World Fair on August 20, 1904, suffering from cerebral hemorrhage. Then on the 22nd, she died and is buried on the 24th of August in Calvary Cemetery, St. Louis. Significant Written Works Kate Chopin wrote out of emotions and experiences. She portrayed women’s desire of freedom. â€Å"Lilia’s Polka† was her first work and she wrote it for her daughter in 1888. Chopin published her first poem â€Å"If It Might Be† and first two short stories â€Å"Wiser than God† and â€Å"A Point at Issue† in 1889. â€Å"At Fault† was Kate’s first published novel in 1890 where she based it on her experience. The book received a lot of negative feedbacks because it talked about women’ s alcoholism and affairs. Chopin wrote another novel, â€Å"Young Dr. Grosse† but due to several rejections from publishers, she destroyed the manuscript. One of Chopin’s famous stories was â€Å"Desiree Baby†, published by Vogue Magazine. The story described Desiree as an

Privacy and technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Privacy and technology - Essay Example According to If Looks could kill by The Economist and Trading Liberty for Illusions by Wendy Kaminer, the world today tends to prefer the inconsequential over the important aspects in their lives. For instance, people now judge based on race after the 9/11 attacks, airport security has become increasingly intrusive, and technological advances have eroded whatever little privacy people had left. Both Wendy Kaminer in Trading Liberty for Illusions and The Economist in If Looks Could Kill refer to terrorism as one of the main reasons why the privacy of ordinary American citizens is being invaded. The main reason for Kaminer’s article is to opine that the government hides behind the threat of terrorism to excuse their infringement on their citizen’s rights. She uses the rhetorical technique of pathos to appeal to the readers’ emotions. She starts her article by saying, â€Å"Only a fool with no sense of history would have been sanguine about the prospects for civil liberties after the September 11 attack† (Kaminer, 2004). This ensures the reader knows she is against the invasion of privacy on the pretext of terror threats. She contends that the Bush Administration held over a thousand non-native Americans after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, although most of them were not connected to the events of the day (Kaminer, 2004). Kaminer concludes that the fear of the government and subsequent attacks make citizens give their liberty up because they have been fed on security illusions. On the other hand, The Economist’s main reason for writing their article is to opine that the threat of terrorism and crime has pushed technology to higher heights. They use the rhetorical device of logos to contend that technology talking about the ability of new technology to use micro-expressions rather than the old profiling technique. This technology will remove the risk of racial profiling by the police because all it detects are expressions made by an individual, rather than the color of their skin (The Economist, 2008). In addition, The Economist also contends that the technology will be important in cases where packages are left by suspicious individuals and will alert security officials on the potential danger. The Economist talks about other technologies aimed at anti-terrorism that measures breathing and heart rate, perspiration rates, temperature of one’s skin, and the flow of blood, doing all this while the potential suspect is some meters away from them. They say that this machine was tested, and it identified 80% of individuals attempting to sneak weapons into a room (The Economist, 2008). It is clear that The Economist and Wendy Kaminer have very different ideas on the use of technology to combat terrorism. While Kaminer contends that the current technology fails and infringes on the privacy of ordinary citizens, The Economist is of the idea that new technologies in the pipeline will be more reliable and will not be culpable to racial profiling. The two articles discuss the issue of technology and privacy but organize their arguments in different ways. Wendy Kaminer in Trading Liberty for Illusion begins her article by contending that terrorist attacks and crime have always led Americans to allow the government to trample civil liberties when there is an attack because they feel under siege or frightened (Kaminer, 2004). She gives a brief history of US Presidents who

MGT499 - Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGT499 - Strategic Management - Essay Example Companies are not always able to be what they want to be; they fail to develop a clear strategy which will help them achieve their strategic goals and objectives. The reason for this positive tendency of Toyota’s activity and the stability in supplying and servicing its customers is in the fact that the company keeps to the principle of finding the rational balance in production – without overloading the equipment and overburdening the staff. The basis of the organizational knowledge and the companys long-term philosophy should be under constant protection, which is provided through the stability of personnel and its slow promotion. Fast promotion may serve as a negative factor in companys vision as it will make the staff feel the easiness of achieving the highest posts, while the career path of each worker should go through the each stage of production, assuring that this worker totally accepts the long-term philosophy of the company and his future activity will be aim ed at supporting it. All 14 principles show, that Toyota has created a new quality system, which works effectively for the benefit of the company. Intensive training is performed with the following formation of project team, aimed at increasing the profitability, reducing non-productive actions and the time of production cycle. However, In 2010, Toyota has become the object of the peer professional attention. During the first half of 2010, customers came to associate Toyota with regular troubles and the beginning of a deep strategic crisis. Whether these troubles are the result of the lack of strategic vision or a well-developed consumer fraud is yet to be discovered; but the company regularly recalls its cars for minor or major technical problems. The current state of literature treats Toyota like a company, which must learn the lessons of crisis and their influence on the company’s brand. For further analysis, the

Growth And Evolution Of Petroleum Industry In India Commerce Essay

Growth And Evolution Of Petroleum Industry In India Commerce Essay The MBA programmed provides student with a fundamental knowledge of business and organizational functions and activities as well as an exposure to strategic thinking of management. As a part of the curriculum we have prepared a comprehensive project report on petroleum industry. The theoretical knowledge is used only when are apply in our practical study. This report contains a brief about the petroleum industry playing a vital role in the growth of Indian economy. The whole project was accomplished in very systematic manner starting from collection of information through visiting various websites, books, magazines etc and than analyses it in a proper and suitable way. This report aims to provide information regarding the current position of petroleum industry in India. Its growth, challenges and issues in highly competitive market by adopting liberalization and globalization polices which are affecting the Indian economy particularly in petroleum sector. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank all the people who have helped us for making this project possible. Firstly we would like to appreciate the tradition of our institute, J.H.P.C.M.T which encourages such activities. We would also like to thank Dr. M.R.Parekh director of J.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY for providing help whenever required. We grateful acknowledgments the value guidance and useful suggestion offered by our faculty guide Miss Jenita Patel. Finally we also thankful all our friends to helped us directly and indirectly in our project. We have also devoted with our best possible effort to complete the project. Declaration We Thakkar Nikita, Makwana Snehal hereby declare that the COMPREHENSIVE PROJECT REPORT entitled Petroleum Industry in is a result of our own work and our indebtedness to other work publications, references, if any, have been duly acknowledged. Place: (Signature) Date: (Name of Student) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project titled as Petroleum Industry has been undertaken with an objective of analyzing the economic growth in the india market its role for the development of the country. It represents Indias energy needs and is the most valuable public as well as private enterprise. As a collective result of private sector and public sector refinery investments in the recentpast, India will become known by 2012 as Asias largest refined product exporter, surpassing Singapore. India will stay one of Asias two largest refined product exporters for the anticipated future. India is suddenly become a global petroleum producing center because of having increasing the depth of product flows and strengthening supply chains especially clean transport fuels and for high-end industrial product. It also have far-reaching implications for regional product markets. The business of Indias large scale export oriented refining sector marks the increase of rate of a basic shift in the design of global refining in which growing economies increasingly look to production hubs in Asia and the Middle East to supply incremental refined product demand. Growth and Evolution of Petroleum Industry in India The petroleum industry is include the global processes of extraction, exploration, refining, transporting (often by pipelines and oil tankers), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are gasoline (petrol) and fuel oil. Petroleum (oil) is also the raw material for many chemical products, including solvents, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fertilizers, and plastics. The origin of the Indian oil gas industry can be traced back to the late 19th century, when oil was first struck at Digboi in Assam in 1889.In view of the significance of the gas oil sector for overall economic growth, the Government of India announced in1954 that petroleum would be the core sector industry. 1954, petroleum exploration production activity was controlled by the government-owned National Oil Companies (NOCs), namely Oil India Private Ltd (OIL) and Oil Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).Indias refining capacity has more than trebled in the last 13 years. Reliance Industry is the first refinery industry in Jamnagar in 1999, India has an installed capacity of around 193.5 million tpa in April, 2011. The growth is likely to continue with refining capacities expected to touch 255 million tpa by 2012-13 and 302 million tpa by 2017-18, with a slew of projects announced by both the private and public sector. Today, private sector accounts for 76.5 million tpa (around 39.5 per cent) and public sector oil companies account for close to 117 million tpa (around 60.5 per cent). There has been a healthy growth in Indias petroleum refining capacity in the last five years, is as described by the given table below:- Domestic crude oil production [million tpa] 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 (Provisional) Total consumption 113.2 120.7 128.9 133.6 138.2 Products from indigenous crude 26.6 28.4 28.2 27.0 27.2 Indigenous crude processing 28.3 30.2 30.0 28.8 28.9 Products from fractionators 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.4 Total indigenous production 30.8 32.4 32.3 31.2 31.6 Import dependence (%) 72.8 73.2 75.0 76.7 77.2 Self-sufficiency (%) 27.2 27.0 25.0 23.3 22.8 The capacity utilization of Indian refiners for the last few years is described in the table. Indian refiners have also operated at higher operating rates or capacity utilization compared to their regional/global peers implying efficiency in operations. But, import of Indias refining industry is growing, as the domestic crude oil production is stable at around 30 million tpa for the last few years. Generally, GDP growth rates and petroleum product consumption are linked. But, in our case, factors like availability of better roads, more fuel efficient vehicles, improvements in mass urban transport modes and increased availability of natural gas for industrial sector contributed to more moderate growth in recent times. Indian refineries are clocking higher Gross Refining Margins compared to regional benchmarks a clear sign for competitiveness in refining operations. If all the planned projects materialize, India will have an exportable surplus petroleum product of around 100 million tpa by 2012 and 140 million. Product profile This section provides a brief description of the technology and production process. An understanding of these issues is critical as it helps understand industry structure. Crude oil is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons chemical compounds consisting roughly of six parts of carbon and one of hydrogen, both of which are fuels; it generally also carries small quantities of salts sulphur, oxygen, metals and nitrogen. The principal products obtained from the crude oil are:- Petrol:- Petrol is used to fuel internal combustion engines, mainly vehicular. It is early use as a killer of lice and their eggs has completely disappeared. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG):- LPG is mostly a combination of propane and butane. It is heavier than air, and liquefies under pressure. It is used as a household cooking fuel, vehicular fuel and refrigerant; 4 million vehicles are estimated to be powered by LPG in the world. Kerosene:- Kerosene is also known as paraffin, is used as an illuminant and cooking fuel in India and other poor countries, and as a space heating fuel in industrial countries. Jet fuel:- It is used in jet planes, is closely akin to kerosene. Naphtha:- Naphtha is used to make additives for high-octane petrol, and to make polymeric plastics and urea, a nitrogenous fertilizer. Lubricating oil:- It is consists of greases and viscous oils used to lubricate moving parts in automobiles, industry, railway engines and carriages and marine engines. Petroleum coke:- It is mostly used as fuel, but is also used to make dry cell batteries and electrodes. High-speed diesel oil:- It is used in engines running at 750 revolutions per minute (rpm) or more. It is mostly used in diesel-powered vehicles. Light diesel:- It is used in the diesel engines running at lower speed mainly irrigation pumps and generation sets. Furnace oil:- It is made by diluting residual fuel oil from refining with middle distillates such as diesel oil. It is used in bunkers, boilers, furnaces, heaters, or as fertilizer feedstock. Demand determination of the Industry Petroleum industry in the country has undergone major transformation in the past several years. The country is now net exporter of petroleum products. Globalization of Indian economy along with high international oil prices which are a pass-through in the bulk sector has induced improvement in energy efficiency and shift of demand from liquid to natural gas (LNG). Further, improvement in road infrastructure and better vehicles has had a sobering effect on the demand for road transportation fuels. Low demand in transport fuels like HSD and MS is also due to factors like expansion of city gas distribution networks i.e. CNG. Demand determination factors:- The Demand determination factors are based on mainly two approaches. Top-down Approach and Bottom-up Approach. Top-down Approach: Overall energy requirements with share of different fuels in the primary commercial energy basket by linking GDP with energy elasticity. Bottom-up Approach: End use approach considering the impact of different parameters. While assessing the requirements factors like impact of Metro rail, CNG expansion, impact of high oil prices, conservation/efficiency improvement issues, aviation policy of the Government, Railways freight policy, growth of passenger and cargo traffic, fleet expansion plan of airlines, National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) road construction projects, construction of freight corridor, electrification plans of railway tracks vehicle population growth, impact of gas, technological improvements in engine designs, improved fuel efficiency, impact of auto LPG etc. have been measured. The demand of gas is continues to be influenced by the cost economics vis-à  -vis alternative fuels pertaining to each of the end use sectors in India. The power and fertilizer is also the dynamics of these sectors. Currently the consumption of natural gas is shared by the fertilizer and power sector to the tune of 29% and 40% respectively. The power sector is one of the continuous major consumer of natural gas. There has set target of 70,000 generation s forecasted by he ministry of power for the next 5 year period ending 2012. The industry like Petrochemicals/Refineries and Internal Consumption sectors are estimates that the annual economic growth rate of about 7%. Similarly, the iron/steel sector is also estimates same rate for economic growth. Currently the demand for petroleum product is 131.8 MMT in 2011-12 which will increased by 160.2 in 2016-17. The demand for petroleum product is also depend on the availability of the different products like petrol diesel kerosene naphtha etc. Their prices are the main factor of determining demand of these products. The petroleum refineries must considered the price parity and export parity which considered the change in price of petroleum products which depend on the past experience. Players in the Industry The various competitors are available in the petroleum industry which including the government and private sector. most of the petroleum companies are huge operations and with billion dollar balance sheet. The oil and gas production and distribution is dominated by government owned companies which are heavily regulated excepting for Reliance Industries. After liberalizing the operations of the companies like Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd (HPCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd (BPCL) run billions of   dollars in losses as they are forced to sell petroleum products at below their cost. The polices of government are mostly informal compensating these companies through money transfers and bonds. some government companies like OIL India, ONGC and GAIL which operates in the production and have to bear less of the subsidy burden have grown and performed very well. In the private sector companies like Aban Great Offshore, Essar and Reliance have managed to grow rapidly as well with changeable degrees of success. Here is the list of the major petroleum Companies in India:- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL):- The IOCL covers the whole hydrocarbon value chain from, pipeline transportation, marketing of petroleum products to exploration production of crude oil gas, marketing of natural gas, petrochemicals and refining. The sales turn over of Indian oil was Rs 271,074 corer and profits of Rs. 10,221 corer in 2009-10. Indian oils cross-country network of crude oil and product pipelines across 10,899 km and the largest in the country, meets the crucial energy needs of the consumers in an economical, environment and efficient manner. GAIL India:- GAIL (India) Limited, is Indias Natural Gas company, integrating all aspects of the Natural Gas value chain right from discovery to marketing. It emphasizes on clean fuel industrialization, creating a square of green energy corridors that connect major consumption centers with major gas fields in India. GAIL is growing its business to become a player in the International market. The companys revenue earned in 2009-10 was Rs 24,000 corer with net profit of 11%. It is a well managed fast growing company with high competitive barriers in India. Reliance  Industries:- It is Indias largest private petroleum company. The company achieving the remarkable growth in the last decade and is diversifying into Retail. In market top more than $30 billion it is Indias most valued company. It is also highly petroleum exporting company of India. The company is one of the largest oil refining and petrochemical complexes in the world at Jamnagar. Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd (BPCL):- it is the major distribution of petroleum, cooking gas and diesel in the Indian market. The companys revenue of Rs 36,000 corer and net profit of 0.5%. due to the government control The company suffer low margins and terrible stock price performance. Which forces the company to sell the product at below the cost? Even after the liberalization with increased global crude prices increasing the losses very much. The company produces a various range of products, from petrochemicals and solvents to aircraft fuel and specialty lubricants and markets them to several international and domestic airlines and hundreds of industries. Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd (HPCL):- The company operates the largest refinery in the country producing Oils of international standards. This Refinery accounts for 40% of the Indias total Oil production. The company has two major refineries producing a large variety of petroleum fuels specialties. one in Mumbai and the other in Vishakhapatnam. Its huge marketing network consists of its zonal regional offices facilitated by a supply distribution infrastructure comprising terminals, aviation service stations, retail outlets, pipeline networks and LPG distributorships. The companys market share accounts for about 20% and 10% of the nations refining capacity. The company revenue earned was Rs 34,000 corer and net profit margin of 0.65% in 2010. ONGC Corporation:- The company ranks 3rd in petroleum Exploration Production industry. It produces 803 Million Metric Tones of crude and 485 Billion Cubic Meters of Natural Gas from 111 fields. It is the biggest multinational company with 40 oil and gas projects in 15 countries. The company earned Rs. 20,000 corer with net profit margin of 34% in 2010. NGC holds the largest share of hydrocarbon in India contributes over 79% of Indians oil and gas production. Distribution channel of the industry The petroleum distribution segment is rapidly adopting different kinds of supply chain solution. From crude oil selection to petroleum product distribution at the retail outlet it is chain with many links. The refining margins, the lead time associated with fundamental functions like product trading and crude buying unpredictability in oil prices make the entire process challenging. Implementation of these solution on a wide spread installations, however, is what the world is watching, as vast petroleum companies fight to chain the business. The petroleum industry has a vital need for both integration and implementation skills for taking the best value out of the differ distribution channel available. Underground, the gas station is quite modern. The tanks for super unleaded and for regular (the midgrade fuel) are larger than the normal tanks. Each tank is equipped with an electronic level check that conveys real time information about its status through a cable to the stations management system and then to the main inventory management system for the oil company whose products the gas station markets. The travels from the distribution channel push to demand pull is taking place in the section, where once the challenge was in getting the best deals on buying crude, the focus is shifting to give customer what he wants. The petroleum business is separated into refining and distribution segments. The focuses more on the distribution segment. There is a specific change to focus in the industry toward the distribution segment. The big oil companies have started monitoring the inventories of crude oil or any other petroleum products. The issues at the refining level are: which products to make in what quantity? Which crude to use? Which units to run? While the issues at the customer facing end or at the gas station are basic, namely run outs refines. The important functions within the distribution channel are optimization across alternative means of transportation, demand forecasting, replenishment method to avoid retains/run outs finally scheduling, which sequences the dispatch. Marketing and Distribution of Petroleum Products in India:- The public sector oil marketing companies (OMCs) which include Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL), Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL) are primarily responsible for the marketing and distribution of petroleum products in India. With the opening of retail sector for the private players, Shell, Essar and Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL) have also entered the retail marketing related to petroleum products. The marketing and distribution infrastructure in the petroleum sector include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) distributorships, petrol/diesel stations, lubricants and greases outlets IOCL is the market leader in terms of marketing and distribution of petroleum products. Retail outlets in India:- The number of retail outlets (ROs) in India has increased from 31,650 in April 2006 to 40,819 in January 2011. IOCL has the widest network of ROs across India with 19,057 ROs as in January 2011. The number of LPG distributors in India has increased to 9,686 as in 2010 from 6,477 in 20011. Indias Navratna oil marketing companies Indian Oil, BPCL and HPCL- are set to report another quarter of heavy losses as they have failed to get compensation from the government for selling fuels below cost. The three oil marketing companies (OMCs) sell diesel, LPG for domestic use and kerosene through public distribution system at prices that are substantially below their costs, in accordance with the permission of their majority shareholder. In return, a small part of their losses is made good by discounts from upstream like ONGC and Oil India. The larger share of losses is made good by the government. During the June 12 quarter, the three oil marketers together had posted an unique net loss of .Rs40,536 corer as the dues from government did not arrive. The company is expecting most of the demand for Piped natural gas to come from domestic and commercial consumer sector. Limitation on subsidized LPG cylinders is expected to be a boon for its Piped natural gas business. Consumers might come forward to get a Piped natural gas connection as its rates would be economical compared to LPG cylinders. The running cost of Piped natural gas would be about 10 percent less than the cost of LPG. Piped natural gas is safer and more eco-friendly fuel for the user. As oil marketing companies move advance forcefully to decrease their distribution channels for LPG cylinders, the next few months will certainly prove trying for consumers. Currently, oil companies in India are going through a tough task of maintaining positive margins in a very unstable market of crude prices and increasing distribution cost. Oil companies also need to be prepared for active pricing scenarios for the coming future. Hence, the immediate need is to have a complete real time visibility of sales and inventory for perfect demand forecasts. Integration of different systems and different data to provide single consistent view and information to the oil company management thus forming a strong foundation for effective decision making. Key issues and current trends Issues in petroleum industries:- The global economy is a dynamic and ever-growing one in spite of the high cost of energy. This in turn is forging the demand for petrochemicals. The strong growth in demand is not backed by a sufficient supply so the cost is still to come down. Operating rates of major petrochemical product segments are very high presently. Problems faced by the India petrochemical industry:- The manufacturing units mostly use outdated format of technology and are not able to produce optimally There is a requirement for the modernization of equipments Excise duty on synthetic fiber should be rationalized Anticipation of reservation on Small Scale Units Plastic waste to be recycled and the littering habits to be discouraged India requires advantage on feedstock, so the import cost has to be brought down The industry should have access to the primary amenities of infrastructure One of the big issues is the difficulty in predicting the advance price, which will succeed in the market in the future months. Some indications are of course available with the futures prices prevailing in the exchanges. Some companies hedge their margins or crude prices by doing paper trading. The forward price is a vital input in the optimization process and can actually make the model for a particular product maximization based on its price. Current trends in petroleum industry Petroleum has proven to be the most flexible fuel source ever discovered, situated at the core of the modern industrial economy. While the industry is strong, it is subject to some very significant stresses:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Industry consolidation (24 mergers and acquisitions since 1997) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Global industrial expansion resulting in increased petroleum demand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tight supplies of economically extractable oil à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Political instability and terrorism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High per-barrel price that accelerates development of alternative energies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Safety and the need to protect workers in hostile environments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Speed required to establish a presence in new markets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Need to spread infrastructure risk among competitors These stressors are causing oil companies to change the way they do business. From their cooperation with competitors to their massive investments in technology, from a renewed focus on safety and the environment to serious investigation of alternative fuels, these firms are reshaping the industry. How they manage these changes also influences how they view their real estate holdings and how they house the scientists and engineers who play a vital role in this transformation. The challenges oil and gas companies face are having a significant impact on how they view their real estate holdings and what kind of workplaces they provide their employees. These are important issues since many companies in this sector have vast real estate holdings. More and more these companies are managing these holdings from an enterprise-wide perspective, running their facilities like any other part of the business. They are realizing that facilities and furnishings can be a strategic tool for achieving the organizations business goals. That focus has several implications for the workplace. Petroleum includes all petroleum-based products, such as gasoline, oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, refined cleaners, and solvents. Organizations involved in upstream (exploring and extracting) and downstream activities (refining and marketing) for these petroleum products are among some of the most profitable companies in the world. Whether they are involved in upstream or downstream activities, whether they are public corporations or state-owned companies, players in the oil industry must operate within the context of significant issues and major trends that are shaping the long-term outlook for oil. Oil companies public corporations and state and non-state-owned enterprises are faced with increasing demand for petroleum products due to global industrial expansion. On the one hand, labors to get the conservative oil (produced from underground hydrocarbon reservoirs by means of production wells) have prompted oil companies to invest ever more heavily in technology and equipment. On the other, these firms have increased investments in producing unusual oil, including oil sands, shale oil, and extra heavy crude oil, some of which require additional processing to produce artificial crude. To spread the risk of investing in costly technology, equipment, and processes firms are entering into joint-venture relationships designed to spread infrastructure risk among competitors in order for the entire industry to remain healthy. In some cases, firms have required mergers or acquisitions in order to expand resources for highly technical exploration and advanced production. . Other changes on the energy scene, particularly increasing prices for both oil and gas, are prompting several companies to take a broader view of their business. They are transforming themselves through investments in alternative energy sources, including solar, wind, biomass, geothermal energy, and fuel cell technology. The realization that alternative fuels and renewable energy technologies will play an increasingly important role as a bridge between the current focus on hydrocarbons and the clean, cheap promise of hydrogen has prompted many oil companies to invest heavily in these areas. Using technology to boost productivity The technology that oil companies provide their employees is principal perimeter, especially where operational efficiencies can be obtained. Management requires solid standard metrics in order to justify investing in technology. India has steadily established itself in the core of the international production of petrochemical and petrochemical related products in the present state of affairs. With the economic growth cycle slowing down in the United States, the Asian developing nations, especially India, would preferably stand in the global petrochemical market as a producer of these products. This is one of the major challenges facing India petrochemical industry. PESTEL analysis PESTEL analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental component of  strategic management. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting strategic analysis and gives an overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. Political:- Political factors are degree to government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, labor   law, law, trade, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also consist of goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided and those that the government does not want to be provided. Besides, governments have great authority on the health education, and infrastructure of   a nation. Economical:- Economic factors include growth, interest, exchange  and the inflation. These factors have major impacts on how businesses run and make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a firms  cost of  capital and therefore to what degree a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy. Social:- Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness,  population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. For example, an old population may imply a smaller and less willing workforce (thus increasing the cost of labor). Moreover; companies may change a variety of management strategies to adapt to these social trends (such as recruiting older workers). Technological:- Technological factors include ecological and environmental aspects, such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of  technological change. They can find out  barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. In addition, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. Environmental:- Environmental factors include weather, climate. Additionally, increasing awareness to climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products they offer it is both creating new markets and diminishing or destroying existing ones. Legal:- Legal factors include discrimination, consumer, antitrust, employment law, and health. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. Conclusion Crude oil is one of the most necessitated worldwide required commodities. Any smallest amount fluctuation in crude oil prices can have both direct and indirect pressure on the economy of the countries. The instability of crude oil prices group many companies away. Therefore, prices have been regularly and closely monito

Tragedy and Redemption in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Toni Morris

Tragedy and Redemption in Beloved "This is not a story to pass on."(1) With these enigmatic words, Toni Morrison brings to a conclusion a very rich, very complicated novel, in which slavery and its repercussions are brought into focus, examined, and reassembled to yield a story of tragedy and redemption. The "peculiar institution" of slavery has been the basis for many literary works from Roots to Beloved, with particular emphasis on the physical, mental, and spiritual violence characteristic of the practice of slavery in the South. A far greater shame than slavery itself is the violence that was directed against slave women in the name of slavery. Slave women bore the heaviest burden of slavery, forced to be not only fieldhands and domestic workers, but to satisfy their masters' sexual appetites. Frederick Douglass wrote that the "slave woman is at the mercy of the fathers, sons or brothers of her master."(2) Slaveowners considered their slave women to be fair game, forcing themselves on their female slaves with impunity, and any resulting children were considered property, to be sold like the calves from a cow. The family institutions of the slaves meant nothing to their owners; the children of slaves were likewise considered property and could be sold at their owners' whim. Schoolteacher referred to Sethe and her children as "...the breeding one, her three pickaninnies and whatever the foal might be..."(279) Slave children often did not know who their fathers or even their mothers were... ...gain. Beloved is an unsanitized picture of slavery and its consequences, a condemnation of the violations that humans impose upon each other. That the presence of Beloved is still felt, long after the players have left the stage, is representative of the scars that remain on the hearts and minds of women, that such horrors could be visited upon their sisters once. Notes 1. Toni Morrison, Beloved (New York, 1987) 337. All subsequent quotes from Beloved are followed by page numbers in parentheses. 2. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York, 1968 [1855]) 60, qtd. in Blassingame 83. Works Cited 1. Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. 2. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. (New York: Penguin Books USA Inc., 1987)

The Ultimate Diagnosis Of Diseases Health And Social Care Essay

Biomedical information sciences is an emerging field using information engineerings in medical attention. This interdisciplinary field bridges the clinical and genomic research by disputing computing machine solutions ( Mayer, 2012 ) . It is the scientific discipline of utilizing system analytic tools to develop algorithms for direction, procedure control, determination devising and scientific analysis of medical cognition ( Edward Shortliffe H, 2006 ) . It leads to the development of intelligent algorithms that can execute submitted undertakings and do determinations without human intercession. It focuses chiefly on algorithms needed for use and geting cognition from the information which distinguishes it from other medical subjects pulling research workers interested in cognition acquisition for adept systems in the biomedical field.Knowledge Discovery ProcedureThe term Knowledge Discovery in databases ( KDD ) has been adopted for a field of research covering with the automatic fin d of inexplicit information or cognition within databases ( Jiawei, et al. , 2008 ) . With the fast development and acceptance of informations aggregation methods including high throughput sequencing, electronic wellness records, and assorted imaging techniques, the wellness attention industry has accumulated a big sum of informations. KDD are progressively being applied in wellness attention for obtaining huge cognition by placing potentially valuable and apprehensible forms in the database. These forms can be utilized for farther research and rating of studies.Stairss in KDD ProcessThe chief challenge in KDD procedure is to detect, every bit much as possible utile forms from the database. Figure 1.2 shows the stairss in KDD procedure. Fig 1.2 KDD Procedure The overall procedure of happening and construing forms from informations involves the perennial application of the undermentioned stairss. 1. Datas choice 2. Data cleansing and preprocessing 3. Data decrease and projection 4. Datas excavation 5. Interpreting and measuring mined forms 6. Consolidating discovered cognitionData excavationData excavation, a cardinal undertaking in the KDD, plays a cardinal function in pull outing forms. Forms may be â€Å" similarities † or â€Å" regularities † in the information, â€Å" high-ranking information † or â€Å" cognition † implied by the informations ( Stutz J 1996 ) . The forms discovered depend upon the information excavation undertakings applied to the database. Figure 1.2 shows the stages in the information excavation procedure. Figure 1.3 Phases in the information excavation procedure The stages in the information excavation procedure to extort forms include Developing an apprehension of the application sphere Data geographic expedition Data readying Choosing the information excavation algorithms Modeling Mining forms Interpretation of forms Evaluation of consequences1.2.3 Development of informations excavationData excavation has evolved over three subjects viz. statistics, unreal intelligence ( AI ) and machine acquisition ( ML ) ( Becher. J. 2000 ) . Statistics forms the base for most engineerings, on which information excavation is built. The following subject, AI is the art of implementing human thought like treating to statistical jobs. The 3rd one ML can be exposed as the brotherhood of statistics and AI. Data excavation is basically the version of machine larning techniques to analyze informations and happen antecedently concealed tendencies or forms within. Figure 1.4 Development of informations excavation1.2.4 Machine acquisitionML is the construct which makes the computing machine plans learn and analyze the given informations they study, so that the plans themselves can be capable of doing different determinations based on the qualities of the studied informations. They have the capableness to automatically larn cognition from experience and other ways ( T, et al. , 2008 ) . They make usage of statistics for cardinal constructs adding more advanced AI heuristics and algorithms to accomplish its ends. ML has a broad assortment of applications in wellness attention. Clinical determination support systems are one among them.1.3 Clinical determination support systemsA clinical determination support system has been coined as an active cognition systems, which use two or more points of patient informations to bring forth case-specific advice [ ] . Clinical determination support systems ( CDSS ) assist doctors in the determination devising procedure. They give a 2nd sentiment in naming diseases therefore cut downing mistakes in diagnosing. They help the clinicians in early diagnosing, differential diagnosing and choosing proper intervention schemes without human intercession.Necessity of CDSSThe most important issue confronting a household doctor is the perfect diagnosing of the disease. As more intervention options are available it will go progressively of import to name them early. Although human determination devising is frequently optimum, the turning figure of patients together with clip restraints increases the emphasis and work burden for the doctors and decreases the quality attention offered by them to the patients. Having an adept nearby all clip to help in determination devising is non a executable solution. CDSS offers a executable solution by back uping doctors with a fast sentiment of what the diagnosing of the patient could be and ease to better nosologies in complex clinical state of affairss.Approachs for CDSSThere are two types of attacks for edifice CDSS, viz. those utilizing knowledge base and illation engine and those utilizing machine larning algorithms. ML systems are most preferable than regulation based systems. Table 1.1 shows the differences between regulation based and ML based systems. Difference between the two attacks for CDSS Rule based Systems ML based systems Synergistic hence slow Non synergistic hence fast Human resources are needed to do regulations at each measure in determination devising procedure Once the system is trained determination devising is done automatically without human intercession therefore salvaging adept human resources Knowledge base requires inference engine for geting cognition Non cognition base learn and update cognition through experienceML based CDSSML algorithms based systems are fast and effectual for a individual disease. Pattern acknowledgment is indispensable for the diagnosing of new diseases. ML plays a critical function in acknowledging forms in the information excavation procedure. It searches for the forms within the patient database. Searching and acknowledging forms in the biochemical province of morbid people is really relevant to understanding of how diseases manifest or drugs act. This information can be utilized for disease bar, disease direction, drug find therefore bettering wellness attention and wellness care.Requirements of a good CadmiumThe prognostic public presentation and generalisation power of CDSS plays a critical function in categorization of diseases. Typically high sensitiveness and specificity is required to govern out other diseases. This reduces subsequent diagnostic processs which causes extra attempts and costs for di fferential diagnosing of the disease. Additionally high prognostic truth, speedy processing, consequences reading and visual image of the consequences are besides compulsory for good showing systems.Common issues for CDSSIn CDSS systems determination devising can be seen as a procedure in which the algorithm at each measure selects a variable, learns and updates inference based on the variable and uses the new overall information to choose farther variables. Unfortunately finding which sequence carries the most diagnostic information is hard because the figure of possible sequences taking to rectify diagnosing is really big. Choosing good variables for categorization is a ambitious undertaking. Another practical job originating from the CDSS is handiness of necessary sample of patients with a confirmed diagnosing. If there were adequate sample from the population of given disease it would be possible to happen out assorted forms of the properties in the sample. The thesis addresses these two jobs individually.Organization of the thesisThe thesis is divided into 10 chapters Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature reappraisal Chapter 3: Motivation and aims of the work Chapter 4: Knowledge based analysis of supervised larning algorithms in disease sensing Chapter 5: SVM based CSSFFS Feature choice algorithm for observing chest malignant neoplastic disease Chapter 6: A Hybrid Feature Selection Method based on IGSBFS and NaA?ve Bayes for the Diagnosis of Erythemato – Squamous Diseases Chapter 8: A Combined CFS – SBS Approach for Choosing Predictive Genes to Detect Colon Cancer Chapter 9: A Hybrid SPR_Naive Bayes Algorithm to choose marker cistrons for observing malignant neoplastic disease Chapter 10: Hegs algorithm Chapter 11: LNS Semi Supervised Learning Algorithm for Detecting Breast Cancer Chapter 12: Decision and future sweetening.DrumheadChapter 2Literature reappraisalOverview of Machine larningMachine larning systems in wellness attentionAs medical information systems in modern infirmaries and medical establishments became larger and larger it causes greater troubles. The information base is more for disease sensing. Medical analysis utilizing machine larning techniques has been implemented for the last two decennaries. It has been proven that the benefits of presenting machine larning into medical analysis are to increase diagnostic truth, to cut down costs and to cut down human resources. The medical spheres in which ML has been used are diagnosing of acute appendicitis [ 27 ] , diagnosing of dermatological disease [ 28 ] , diagnosing of female urinary incontinency [ 29 ] , diagnosing of thyroid diseases [ 30 ] , happening cistrons in DNA [ 31 ] , outcome anticipation of patients with terrible caput hurt [ 32 ] , outcome patients of patients with terrible caput hu rt [ 33 ] , Xcyt, by Dr. Wolberg to accurately name chest multitudes based entirely on a Fine Needle Aspiration ( FNA ) [ 35 ] , anticipation of metabolic and respiratory acidosis in kids [ 34 ] , every bit good as associating clinical and neurophysiologic appraisal of spasticity [ 35 ] among many others. Mention [ 31 ] [ 103 ] .ML Systems procedureMachine acquisition typesApplications of MLML algorithmsCommon algorithmic issuesSolutions to the algorithmic issuesFeature choiceFeature choice has besides been used in the anticipation of molecular bioactivity in drug design [ 132 ] , and more late, in the analysis of the context of acknowledgment of functional site in DNA sequences [ 142, 72, 69 ] .Advantages of characteristic choiceImproved public presentation of categorization algorithms by taking irrelevant characteristics ( noise ) . Improved generalisation ability of the classifier by avoiding over-fitting ( larning a classifier that is excessively tailored to the preparation samples, but performs ill on other samples ) . By utilizing fewer characteristics, classifiers can be more efficient in clip and infinite. It allows us to better understand the sphere. It is cheaper to roll up and hive away informations based on a decreased characteristic set.Need for characteristic choiceFeature choice methodsPresently three major types of characteristic choice theoretical accounts have been intensively utilised for cistron choice and informations dimension decrease in microarray informations. They are filter theoretical accounts, wrapper theoretical accounts, and embedded theoretical accounts [ 4 ] . Examples of filters are 2-statistic [ 5 ] , t-statistic [ 6 ] , ReliefF [ 7 ] , Information Gain [ 8 ] etc. Classical negligee algorithms include forward choice and backward riddance [ 4 ] . The 3rd group of choice strategy known as embedded attacks uses the inductive algorithm itself as the characteristic picker every bit good as classifier. Feature choice is really a byproduct of the categorization procedure. Examples are categorization trees such as ID3 [ 15 ] and C4.5 [ 16 ] . John, Kohavi and Pfleger [ 7 ] addressed the job of irrelevant characteristics and the subset choice job. Pudil, and Kittler [ 20 ] presented drifting hunt methods in characteristic choice. Blum and Langley [ 1 ] focused on two cardinal issues: the job of choosing relevant characteristics and the job of choosing relevant illustrations. Kohavi and John [ 24 ] introduced negligees for characteristic subset choice. Yang and Pedersen [ 27 ] evaluated document frequence ( DF ) , information addition ( IG ) , common information ( MI ) , a 2-test ( CHI ) and term strength ( TS ) ; and found IG and CHI to be the most effectual. Dash and Liu [ 4 ] gave a study of characteristic choice methods for categorization. Liu and Motoda [ 12 ] wrote their book on characteristic choice which offers an overview of the methods developed since the 1970s and provides a general model in order to analyze these methods and categorise them. Kira and Rendell ( 1992 ) described a statistical characteristic choice algorithm called RELIEF that uses case based larning to delegate a relevancy weight to each characteristic. Koller and Sahami ( 1996 ) examined a method for characteristic subset choice based on Information Theory. Jain and Zongker ( 1997 ) considered assorted characteristic subset choice algorithms and found that the consecutive forward drifting choice algorithm, proposed by Pudil, NovoviE†¡covA?a and Kittler ( 1994 ) , dominated the other algorithms tested. Yang and Honavar ( 1998 ) used a familial algorithm for characteristic subset choice. Weston, et Al. ( 2001 ) introduced a method of characteristic choice for SVMs. Xing, Jordan and Karp ( 2001 ) successfully applied characteristic choice methods ( utilizing a loanblend of filter and wrapper attacks ) to a categorization job in molecular biological science affecting merely 72 informations points in a 7130 dimensional infinite. Miller ( 2002 ) explained subset choice in arrested development. Forman ( 2003 ) presented an em pirical comparing of 12 characteristic choice methods. Guyon and Elisseeff ( 2003 ) gave an debut to variable and feature choice.FS in clinical informationsRessom et.al [ 3 ] gives an overview of statistical and machine learning-based characteristic choice and pattern categorization algorithms and their application in molecular malignant neoplastic disease categorization or phenotype anticipation. Their work does non affect experimental consequences. C.Y.V Watanabe et.al [ 4 ] , have devised a method called SACMiner aimed at chest malignant neoplastic disease sensing utilizing statistical association regulations. The method employs statistical association regulations to construct a categorization theoretical account. Their work classifies medical images and is non applicable to textual medical informations. Siegfried Nijssen et al. , [ 10 ] have presented their work on multi-class co-related form excavation. Their work resulted in the design of a new attack for point set excavation on informations from the UCI depository. Their comparing included merely the new attack designed and the extension of the Apriori algorithm. Their consequences reveal comparison chiefly on the runtime of the excavation attacks. T. Cover and P. Hart [ 11 ] performed categorization undertaking utilizing K- Nearest Neighbor categorization method. Their work shows that K-NN can be really accurate in categorization undertakings under certain specific fortunes. Their consequences reveal that for any figure of classs, the chance of mistake of the Nearest Neighbor regulation is bounded above by twice the Bayes chance of mistake. Aruna et.al [ 6 ] presented a comparing of categorization algorithms on the Wisconsin Breast Cancer and Breast tissue dataset but has non provided characteristic choice as a pre-classification status. Furthermore they have analyzed the categorization consequences of merely five categorization algorithms viz. NaA?ve Bayes, Support Vector Machines ( SVM ) , Radial Bas is Neural Networks ( RB-NN ) , Decision trees J48 and simple CART. Luxmi et. al. , [ 12 ] have performed a comparative survey on the public presentation of binary classifiers. They have used the Wisconsin chest malignant neoplastic disease dataset with 10 properties and non the chest tissue dataset. Furthermore they have non brought out the consequence of characteristic choice in categorization. Their experimental survey was restricted to four categorization algorithms viz. ID3, C4.5, K-NN and SVM. Their consequences did non uncover complete truth for any of the categorization algorithms.FS in genomic informationsFeature choice techniques are critical to the analysis of high dimensional datasets [ 1 ] . This is particularly true in cistron choice of microarrays because such datasets frequently contain a limited figure of preparation samples but big sum of characteristics, under the premise that merely several of which are strongly associated with the categorization undertaking while others are excess and noisy [ 2 ] . Previous research has proven cistron choice to be an effectual step in cut downing dimension to better the computational efficiency, taking irrelevant and noisy cistrons to better categorization and prognostic truth, and heightening interpretability that can assist place and supervise the mark disease or map types [ 3 ] . Gene look analysis is an illustration of a large-scale experiment, where one measures the written text of the familial information contained within the DNA into other merchandises, for illustration, courier RNA ( messenger RNA ) . By analyzing different degrees of messenger RNA activities of a cell, scientists learn how the cell alterations to react both to environmental stimulations and its ain demands. However, cistron look involves supervising the look degrees of 1000s of cistrons at the same time under a peculiar status. Microarray engineering makes this possible. A microarray is a tool for analysing cistron look. It consists of a little membrane or glass slide incorporating samples of many cistrons arranged in a regular form. Microarray analysis allows scientists to observe 1000s of cistrons in a little sample at the same time and to analyse the look of those cistrons. There are two chief types of microarray systems [ 35 ] : the complementary DNA microarrays developed in the Bro wn and Botstein Laboratory at Stanford [ 32 ] and the high-density oligonucleotide french friess from the Affymetrix company [ 73 ] Gene look informations from DNAmicroarrays are characterized by manymeasured variables ( cistrons ) on merely a few observations ( experiments ) , although both the figure of experiments and cistrons per experiment are turning quickly [ 82 ] . in [ 12 ] , cistrons selected by t-statistic were fed to a Bayesian probabilistic model for sample categorization. Olshen et al [ 85 ] suggested uniting t-statistic, Wilcoxon rank sum trial or the X2-statistic with a substitution based theoretical account to carry on cistron choice. Park et al built a marking system in [ 87 ] to delegate each cistron a mark based on preparation samples. Jaeger et al [ 51 ] designed three pre-filtering methods to recover groups of similar cistrons. Two of them are based on bunch and one is on correlativity. Thomas et Al in [ 121 ] , they presented a statistical arrested development patterning attack to detect cistrons that are differentially expressed between two categories of samples. to detect differentially expressed cistrons, Pan [ 86 ] compared t-statistic, the arrested development patterning attack against a mixture theoretical account attack proposed by him. Besides statistical steps, other dimension decrease methods were besides adopted to choose cistrons from look informations. Nguyen et al [ 82 ] proposed an analysis process for cistron look informations categorization, affecting dimension decrease utilizing partial least squares ( PLS ) and categorization utilizing logistic favoritism ( LD ) and quadratic discriminant analysis ( QDA ) . Furey et al [ 39 ] farther tested the efficiency of SVM on several other cistron look informations sets and besides obtained good consequences. Both of them selected prejudiced cistrons via signal-to-noise step. two new Bayesian categorization algorithms were investigated in Li et al [ 68 ] which automatically incor porated a characteristic choice procedure. Weston et al [ 131 ] incorporate characteristic choice into the learning process of SVM. The characteristic choice techniques they used included Pearson correlativity coefficients, Fisher standard mark, Kolmogorov-Smirnov trial and generalisation choice bounds from statistical larning theory. Traveling a measure farther, Guyon et al [ 43 ] presented an algorithm called recursive characteristic riddance ( RFE ) , by which characteristics were in turn eliminated during the preparation of a sequence of SVM classifiers. Gene choice was performed in [ 50 ] by a consecutive hunt engine, measuring the goodness of each cistron subset by a wrapper method. Another illustration of utilizing the negligee method was [ 67 ] , where Li et al combined a familial algorithm ( GA ) and the k-NN method to place a subset of cistrons that could jointly know apart between different categories of samples. Culhane et al [ 31 ] applied Between-Group Analysis ( BGA ) to microarray informations. A few published surveies have shown promising consequences for outcome anticipation utilizing cistron look profiles for certain diseases [ 102, 14, 129, 140, 88, and 60 ] . Cox relative jeopardy arrested development [ 30, 74 ] is a common method to analyze patient results. It has been used by Rosenwald et Al to analyze endurance after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma ( DLBCL ) patients [ 102 ] , and by Beer et Al to foretell patient out of lung glandular cancer [ 14 ] .Semi supervised larningWithin the machine larning community, a figure of semi-supervised larning algorithms have been introduced taking to better the public presentation of classifiers by utilizing big sums of unlabelled samples together with the labelled 1s [ 12 ] . The end of semi-supervised acquisition is to utilize bing labeled informations in concurrence with unlabelled informations to bring forth more accurate classifiers than utilizing the labeled information entirely. A good overview of semi-supervised acquisition is provided by [ 7 ] .SSL methodsSemi-supervised larning algorithms can be productive, discriminatory or a combination of both. Some popular semi supervised methods within the productive categorization model include co-training [ 2, 5 ] . and outlook maximization ( EM ) mixture theoretical accounts [ 9, 1 ] . As a generic ensemble larning model [ 20 ] , hiking plants via consecutive building a additive combination of base scholars, which appears unusually successful for supervised acquisition [ 21 ] . Boosting has been extended to SSL with different schemes. Semi-supervised Margin Boost [ 22 ] and ASSEMBLE [ 23 ] were proposed by presenting the â€Å" pseudo category † or the â€Å" pseudo label † constructs to an unlabelled point so that unlabelled points can be treated every bit same as labelled illustrations in the boosting process. Regularization has been employed in semi supervised larning to work unlabelled informat ions [ 8 ] . A figure of regularisation methods have been proposed based on a bunch or smoothness premise, which exploits unlabelled informations to regulate the determination boundary and hence affects the choice of larning hypotheses [ 9 – 14 ] . Working on a bunch or smoothness premise, most of the regularisation methods are of course inductive. On the other manus, the manifold premise has besides been applied for regularisation where the geometric construction behind labelled and unlabelled informations is explored with a graph-based representation. In such a representation, illustrations are expressed as the vertices and the brace wise similarity between illustrations is described as a leaden border. Therefore, graph-based algorithms make good usage of the manifold construction to propagate the known label information over the graph for labeling all nodes [ 15 – 19 ]DrumheadChapter 3Motivation and aims of the workMotivation of the workFrom the literature study it can be seen that the machine-controlled systems for disease sensing, unluckily merely sort types of tumours or used for differential diagnosing of the disease. They do non choose the enlightening characteristic which contains necessary information for disease sensing. Raw information is used for preparation. Categorization utilizing natural informations without any pre processing techniques is a arduous work for the classifiers. The truth of the excavation algorithms is affected by the redundant, irrelevant and noisy properties in the information set. Generalizations of the machine acquisition algorithms are influenced by the dimension of the information set. Preprocessing techniques like characteristic choice and characteristic extraction eliminates excess, irrelevant properties and reduces noise from the information identifies prognostic characteristics therefore cut downing dimension of the informations. Many of the surveies available in the literature uses feature extraction techniques which transforms the properties or combines two or more characteristics therefore bring forthing new characteristic. Some surveies available in the literature utilizing feature choice techniques used either filters or negligees for choosing needed characteristic subset. Typically, filter based algorithms do non optimise the categorization truth of the classifier straight, but effort to choose characteristics with certain sort of rating standard. Filters have good computational complexness. The advantages are that the algorithms are frequently fast and the selected cistrons are better generalized to unobserved informations categorization. Different from filters, the wrapper attack evaluates the selected characteristic subset harmonizing to their power to better sample categorization truth [ 9 ] . The categorization therefore is â€Å" cloaked † in the variable choice procedure. Wrappers yield high truth. Furthermore, extra stairss are needed to pull out the selected characteristics from the embedded algorithms. To harvest the advantages of both methods hybrid algorithms are of recent research involvement. The thesis addresses the job of characteristic choice for machine larning through assorted methods to choose minimum characteristic subset from the job sphere. A good characteristic can lend a batch to the categorization. The classifier ‘s true value depends on the ability to pull out information utile for determination support. Existing CDSS systems are developed utilizing supervised algorithms, they require a batch of labelled samples for constructing the initial theoretical account. Obtaining labelled samples are hard clip devouring and dearly-won. But unlabelled samples are abundant. Semi supervised algorithms are suited for this state of affairs. These systems do non pull out the cognition available in the unlabelled samples. SSL combines both labeled and unlabelled illustrations to bring forth an appropriate map or classifier. When the labeled informations are limited, the usage of cognition from unlabelled informations helps to better the public presentation. SSL algorithms use the cognition from the abundant unlabeled samples for constructing the theoretical account.Aims of the workBetter the quality of medical determination support systems. Bettering the prognostic power of classifiers utilizing characteristic choice algorithms. Elimination of redundant, irrelevant and noisy characteristics without losing the important features of the information sphere. Improve generalisation of classifiers. Reducing the complexness of the algorithms.Benefits of the research workThe developed theoretical accounts in this research shall help the clinicians to better their anticipation theoretical accounts for single patients. More dependable diagnosing. Quality services at low-cost costs can be provided. Poor clinical determinations can be eliminated.

Divorce Theories - Divorce Iranian Style Essays - Family, Gender

Divorce Theories - Divorce Iranian Style Essays - Family, Gender Alexandra Tolhurst-Swim NELC 238 Divorce Iranian Style shows multiple divorce proceedings taking place in an Islamic family court of law. During the proceedings, based on the circumstances, multiple different doctrines of divorce are prescribed by the judge. The doctrines used in the movie are talaq and khul, and child custody in divorce law is explored, as well as many singular laws within each doctrine that show the ability of the judge to apply discretion to each case. In the first case, a husband is petitioning the court for divorce from his wife because he believes she is having a secret relationship. This case falls under the doctrine of talaq, which is the males right to end a marriage in Islamic law. When the petition is filed, a period of three months begins in which the divorce is not yet final. During this time, because divorce is so frowned upon in Islamic law and religion, the parties must try to reconcile the marriage. It is generally assumed to be the womens job to provoke this reconciliation though in certain cases where the man has done clear wrong, he must work to reconcile it as well. During the three months, to assist at reconciliation, the wife must remain in the house of the husband and he must pay her lodging and maintenance. In this case, the wife did not want reconciliation or to live with her husband, but the judge ordered this to happen as this is part of the talaq doctrine. The second case outlines one of the conditions for khul. Women are generally not allowed to ask for a divorce in Islamic law, but under certain conditions, such as the mans inability to father a child as in this case, she is permitted. This case shows the judges use of the state functions to enforce sharia law by enforcing that the husband submit to a fertility test or be arrested. Part of the doctrine of khul permits the woman to be paid at least a portion of the marriage gift promised to her at the time of marriage upon divorce. Because it is not a right of women to get a divorce, they must have consent from the husband, who will often convince the woman to give up her right to the monetary gift for his consent. In this case, the husband will not pay the gift and the woman does not want a court battle over the gift, so she gives up the right to the marriage gift in return for his consent. The third case once again deals with khul, but outlines the struggle a woman must go through to get a divorce if the husband is not giving their consent. Ziba, the wife, tries multiple excuses that woman are permitted to use in khul to get out of her marriage, such as the husbands insanity and deception at the time of marriage. Because neither of these are credible enough with the judge, mainly due to the fundamental idea of the need for witnesses, she is unable to get the judge to sign the petition. She then has no choice but to get her husband to agree to divorce by mutual consent, which he does, but he does not want to pay her the marriage gift and she refuses to give it up. Because they technically agreed to divorce by mutual consent, the judge leaves the mediating of the marriage gift to their elders, who fail to come up with a solution and say Ziba has no right to the gift, when the judge says she does. In the end, Ziba gives up her right to the gift as well to be officially de clared divorced and free from her husband. The fourth case of the movie shows a woman trying to divorce her husband because he has assaulted her and her son and fails to provide maintenance of the family. This would fall under the doctrine of khul, a womans ability to apply for a petition of divorce, but once again, the husband is not consenting and wants to remain with his wife. This case outlines how important the idea of reconciliation is in divorce law and how much the judges frown upon a divorce,

Haunted House Essays

Haunted House Essays Haunted House Essay Haunted House Essay The Haunted House It was a house that most people tend not to venture and it gave no indication that anyone should. Its entrance had an old iron gate that creaked from here to heaven. The pavement leading to the house was beginning to crumble from its use over the years. There was a big oak tree at the front that made the house even spookier. We opened the old dirty wooden door and found ourselves in the dark musky living room. It was filled with so much dust and cobwebs that made it almost impossible to breathe. It was furnished with antique furniture that was imported specially for its former owners. Some were covered with sheets while the others showed Just about enough dust to have been from centuries ago. I thought I heard sounds coming from the rooms upstairs so while the others went to see the kitchen I went ahead to explore. The boards on the floor were old and rotting in some areas, so one had to be careful where they placed their feet. As I reached the top stairs I heard the sound again and I knew this time it was not my imagination; it sounded like a baby crying. The sound was coming from the first room on the right. : Upon opening the door I saw a rocking chair moving back and forth and thinking that someone was playing a prank on me I went forward to see what was causing the chair to move and that was when I saw her. She could not have been more than six years old; she was combing her dolls hair and singing, My bunny lives over the ocean, my bunny lives over the sea, my bunny lives over the water, so bring back my bunny to me. I was thinking to myself and was about to ask ere what was she doing here all alone, when she stood up looked me squarely In the eyes and started coming towards me. She walked straight through me and towards the other room, and that was when I realized that I came In contact with my first ghost. My heart started racing and my pores seemed to have opened up. I woke up minutes later with all my friends present wanting an explanation. When I told them what I saw they all laughed and said Its best If we leave now before she starts freaking out We exited the house and with one final glance I noticed the little girl waving goodbye.

The Womens Question in Nineteenth Century India Research Paper

The Womens Question in Nineteenth Century India - Research Paper Example Here, the social institutions of caste and patriarchy combined leading to the oppression of women in more ways than one. On the other hand, the pressures of modernity that arose from the colonial quarters was something that led to reformers within the Indian society feeling the need for change in the way the society was structured. The burden of this modernizing impulse was then transferred onto the women of the society. This followed, again, a traditional notion of women being the bearers of the honor of a society. This move in the direction of modernization was something that can be seen to be an expose of the chinks in the Indian society and the blindnesses that it was prone to. The reformers often made the mistake of viewing upper caste Hindu society as Indian society, ignoring the members of the lower castes, the Muslims, the Sikhs, Christians and Parsis and so on and so forth. This tendency was due to the privileged position that many of these reformers came from and this cloud ed the judgement that any of them made in this regard. The writings of many women writers of this era however, posed questions to these movements and made them aware of the need for a reassessment of the problems that pre-colonial traditions posed and the ways that were being employed for the purpose of engaging with them. The complexities of the situation can be assessed from the fact that there was a great deal of differences as far as the hierarchies of caste within the different parts of the country. In Haryana, for instance, as Prem Chowdhry points out, the Jats who were primarily cultivators, held one of the most important positions. They were considered to be as important or more, as the Brahmins and the Rajputs who held higher positions than the cultivators in most other parts of India (Chowdhry 307). This had many implications for the condition of women and the colonizers’ ideas regarding what needed to be done for them. An understanding of this situation requires kn owledge of what the economic conditions of the time were in a place like Haryana. The economy was almost entirely dependent upon the agriculture of the place. As a result of this, the position of the cultivators was quite important in the larger scheme of things. Here too, there were certain changes that the role of women underwent as a result of the

Why Mixing Students With and Without Special Needs Is a Good Idea Essay

Why Mixing Students With and Without Special Needs Is a Good Idea - Essay Example In this regard, I found Vaness Romo’s article Why Mixing Students With and Without Special Needs Is a Good Idea enlightening and very interesting because she gave very good reasons for her cause. The article started with a controversial photo of a second-grade class which caused some uproar on the Internet. The photo shows a teacher with a warm smile standing beside twenty-two kids sitting on a set of bleachers. Off to the far right, a boy with a beautiful smile was sitting in a wheelchair, separated from his peers. At the beginning of the article, Vanessa discusses why that photo caused the uproar on the Internet and how it was heartbreaking for the online world that believed the picture aimed to show discrimination against people with disabilities. Then, she presents Miles, the boy in the photo, the type of his disability, and his mother’s feeling. Vanessa moved to another point, which was arguing about why mixing students with and without special needs is a good idea. First, she talked about a parent’s fear of people picking on or excluding their child, especially parents of children with special needs, and how that was the reason for the inclusive education model. Secondly, Vanessa quoted Margo Pensavalle, one of the professors at the USC Rossier School, saying â€Å"It’s a win-win situation for everybody,† in arguing that students with special needs should be placed in mainstream classrooms with children of similar ages. Thirdly, Romo also explained how regardless of the severity of a student’s disability and socio-economic status, the advantages of inclusion in the classroom has been well documented with The National Longitudinal Transitions Study showing many advantages of mixing students with and without special needs. Fourthly, Vanessa continued to argue based on Pensavalle’s statement that the two kinds of students in the inclusion model â€Å"take advantage of [the extra help] and learn more completely in a more supportive